Language is characterized by variation, which means that there are many ways to say the same idea in different ways. Speakers may change their pronunciation, word choice, as well as the morphology and syntax of their sentences. On the other hand, Discourse analyse the language in language variations.
Language Families
The other German languages include Dutch, German, Icelandic, Swedish, and more. Everyone originated from the same language, called the proto-Germanic language of linguists. Proto-Germanic was never recorded but the many systematic correspondences in terms of the grammar structures and the existence and structure of its descendants are sure.
The breakup of the Proto-Germanic occurred when subgroups of the original linguistic community were separated: over 500 to 1000 years, several dialects were formed. This was also true with Latin when it was spread by the Romans across much of Europe and divided into dialects that formed modern Roman, including French, Spanish and Italian. Latin and Proto-German were also connected. Her parent and ancestor of many other European languages, India, was Proto-Indo-European, a relative of one of the largest language groupings in the world.
There are dozens or possibly hundreds of distinct language families across the world, from big families like Niger in Congo in Africa and Indo-European households to single speakers like Basque who have no familiar linguistic relationships. Linguists continue to strive to connect many of these families, but the chances are small to decrease to a handful the number of different language families. Although most historical linguists believe that human language may have only happened once, most of them argue that language change is too quick and wide to enable family ties beyond the age of ten thousand.
The other German languages include Dutch, German, Icelandic, Swedish, and more. Everyone originated from the same language, called the proto-Germanic language of linguists. Proto-Germanic was never recorded but the many systematic correspondences in terms of the grammar structures and the existence and structure of its descendants are sure.
The breakup of the Proto-Germanic occurred when subgroups of the original linguistic community were separated: over 500 to 1000 years, several dialects were formed. This was also true with Latin when it was spread by the Romans across much of Europe and divided into dialects that formed modern Roman, including French, Spanish and Italian. Latin and Proto-German were also connected. Her parent and ancestor of many other European languages, India, was Proto-Indo-European, a relative of one of the largest language groupings in the world.
There are dozens or possibly hundreds of distinct language families across the world, from big families like Niger in Congo in Africa and Indo-European households to single speakers like Basque who have no familiar linguistic relationships. Linguists continue to strive to connect many of these families, but the chances are small to decrease to a handful the number of different language families. Although most historical linguists believe that human language may have only happened once, most of them argue that language change is too quick and wide to enable family ties beyond the age of ten thousand.
Variation of language
Everyone speaks at least one language, and most individuals probably speak more than one language on the globe. Even Americans, most of whom speak English exclusively, typically know many dialects. Certainly, no one always speaks precisely the same way: you're not likely to talk to your boss in the manner (or language) you'd use to talk to an idiot who's just pulling your vehicle from behind. Alle dialects start with the same system and leave various portions of the parent system intact due to their partially separate history. This gives birth to some of the most enduring linguistic myths, such as the idea that the Appalachians speak pure English, Elizabethan. Non-Appalachians detect Shakespeare's English characteristics preserved in Appalachia but lost in standard English, while only Shakespeare's Appalachian fan may note the features of Shakespeare's English maintained in Standard English but lost in the Appalachian dialect.
Note: American Appalachian English is native to the Eastern Appalachian mountain area.
Language change
Language change is the process by which constant change in the characteristics and the usage of a language is produced through time. All-natural languages change and grammatical developments impact all linguistic fields. Specific types of language change include changes in sound, lexical, semantic, and syntactic. Historical language is the branch of language, which is specifically concerned with changes in a language (or languages) through time (also known as diachronic linguistics).
Language Change Types
There are different language kinds Language Files explain in some depth about which they are essential to know. These include:
- Phonetic change
- Phonological Change
- Morphological changes
- Syntactic changes
- Semantic changes
Phonetic Change:
Phonetics is a language industry that examines how people generate and hear sounds. The phonetic change includes a change in sound pronunciation that has no impact on the phonological language system. The English phoneme /r/, for example, has experienced numerous modifications. The unrestrained allophone of the phoneme /r/ was sounded as a trill in the early history of English. Nowadays, the unrestricted allophone is [do] spoken in American English. But the underlying phoneme in the language sound system is still /r/. Therefore, the phonetic pronunciation of the sound has simply changed.
Phonological Change:
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in and across languages.
Phonology Change includes a change in sound pronunciation that has an impact on a language's phonological system. An example would be the shift in phoneme pronunciation /u:/ in ancient English to /a current / in Modern French.
Morphological Change
Morphology is the study of words, how they are created in languages While morphological change refers to changes in word structure. Since morphology is linked to phonology, syntax and semanticization, changes impacting the structure and characteristics of words should be seen as modifications at the corresponding grammar interfaces.
Syntactic Change
Syntactic change is a kind of variation of natural language that relates to changes in a language's grammar. This shift may be induced or aided both by socio-cultural and linguistic variables.
Semantic Change
Semantic change is a way of changing the language of word use—usually to the point where the current meaning is significantly different from the original use. Semantic change takes place in one of the meanings of a word in diachronic linguistics.
Language Variety and Culture
In linguistics, language varieties are subgroups of a language that differ from one another in terms of pronunciation, lexical choice, syntax, accent, and other characteristics.Idiolects, dialects, registers, styles, and modes are all examples of language differences.
The language used differs from culture to culture. There are dialects even within a single language, as well. Values, customs, beliefs, social life, as well as flora and fauna, are all part of the culture. In fact, each tribe has its own culture, with one being more materialistic and another depending solely on hunting. Man is a cultural construct, and the majority of his actions, beliefs, and goals are determined by his social environment. Language is a reflection of one's social and cultural background.
Language Varieties (in this case, English Varieties) are the outcome of language contact rather than being a product of colonial or postcolonial forces. However, after the fall of the British Empire in the majority of its possessions, the majority of English types were granted the opportunity to fly. To put it another way, a language always has a diverse range of connections.
Cultural Variations
Since language is a tool for its speakers, how the culture functions are mirrored in the language. Politics, technology, and societal values all impact how language is used. An example of this may be seen in the rule for French speakers that demands different variants of the same term depending on gender. For instance, a male could be classed as 'Américan,' whereas a woman is 'Américaine,' with the 'ine' adding extra tone to the word. This shows that differentiating between the genders was something the French society thought extremely important when their language was developing.
When trying to understand how culture affects variations in language, there are many key ideas you need to know. First, standard language refers to the variant of language that is widespread and generally considered the most suitable form. For English, this variant would remove urban slang and bad grammatical usage. Second, dialect refers to a variant of language that has unique pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary from other variations of the same language. For instance, in England, speakers have a different dialect than American speakers because they have some of their own standards for pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
Conclusion:
To summarise, it is recommended that while translating a text, one should take into consideration the number of languages used as well as the indicated culture. As a result, language and cultural analogies are sought and used in order to best fit the intended audience or reader (or both). This means that you must look for similarities between, for example, Bombay-based literature and the film being translated/adapted in Italy in order to establish a connection between the two.
BS English Semester 5
Subject: World Englishes Course Outlines Punjab University
- English As An International Language: An Overview
- Language Variations and Discourse; Language Variety and Culture Language
- English in the World -Its Spread, Functions, and Status
- The Three Circles of English In World Englishes
- Some Features of New Englishes
- British and American English in World Englishes
- English in South East Asia in World Englishes
- Pakistani English in World Englishes
- Indian English in World Englishes
- The Future of English
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