Showing posts with label BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University. Show all posts
Showing posts with label BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University. Show all posts

Thursday, 5 August 2021

The Future of English l Predicting the Future of English l The future of Global English l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

The world is changing so quickly, from domestic politics to livelihoods. Language is definitely one of the most essential characteristics of all. English, now regarded as the global language, has complex challenges. In fact, the scenario may continue till the future. In me it is difficult to predict the future of English as a worldwide language, like the concave and convex sides of a nutshell.

The main reason English's future may be a global language is because there will continue to be a tendency to speak English.

First and foremost, all individuals in various non-native English nations realise that early learning English is extremely essential since they believe that English might form the cornerstone of their future existence. Many parents in China send their kids to the English learning companies since kids cannot even speak Chinese effectively.

In a nation that had been an old civilisation for thousands of years, it is an intriguing phenomenon. The Chinese people pay the same attention to both Chinese and English.

That implies English is a fundamental talent rather than a curriculum, it is the same as your mother tongue. Another phenomenon is that significant numbers of young people travel to studies in native English nations like the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.

Cost of study abroad may be extremely costly and living in a completely uncommon location could not be simple, yet they travel without hesitation to these English nations. What are they looking for?  Because they believe that studying abroad may be a highlight while applying for jobs. And training in the English environment may offer them additional possibilities, particularly for those who wish to work with international companies. Last but not least, with globalisation, the globe is more interconnected. We might be in Russia in the morning, we could be in Brazil in the afternoon.

As globalisation is occurring in every corner of the globe, nowadays our planet is like a village, people from many continents, cultures and nations all come together. The scientists share ideas and technology, entrepreneurs sell all types of products worldwide, and governments speak to one other. English has been extensively utilised as the finest communication medium. With this phenomena we can see that English may be the global language in the future and that everyone in the globe could speak some word or phrase in English.

Others have the view that English's future may be difficult as they look differently in this debate. As many races have their own language, thus their languages will be extinct without anything, they will preserve their own culture and languages, same as the preservation of the endangered animals. In Shanghai, China, for example. As urbanisation develops rapidly, many people come from various regions and live in Shanghai. The youngsters in Shanghai can utter no Shanghainese, just Mandarin. There will thus still be other languages with English. This leads to someone who can speak the local tongue and both English being more competitive than those who can speak English alone. Even if we have to agree that English is extremely popular worldwide, English's future is difficult to predict.

In the meanwhile, effects of other civilizations must also be disregarded. Numerous individuals in Western nations today, such as cultures from Asia or other locations, such as many immigrants from Asia, reside in the USA that also brought a language to themselves. If individuals in home nations thus like the Asian culture, they believe it's extremely nice to study Asian as well. We can observe that many Americans may say Mandarin or Cantonese. As a consequence, no one can predict which language could be the world's language in the future, perhaps 100 years later, Chinese or Spanish are going to dominate the globe as many people speak that language. Some individuals believe it is difficult to predict the future of English as a global language.

Conclusion:
English's future is yet uncertain. One thing is that the future of English as a global language may be hopeful. Regardless of adults or youngsters, they are prepared to devote more attention to English. Otherwise, the future of English may be gloomy. Some variables may affect English's future as a cultural influence and preservation of the local language. No one can say whether the future of English is bright or painful but now it's useful and fruitful.

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Indian English l History of Indian English l Importance of Indian English l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

English is the official language of India, consisting of seven States and five Union Territories, as well as 7 States and 1 Union Territory extra official language. The language of the Indian judiciary must also be English only if the State Governor or legislature does not require the use of a regional language or if the President has authorized the use of regional languages by the tribunals.

There is no exact study of the number of English speakers in India. In 1999, India's population surpassed one billion. It is claimed that middle-class individuals, especially in metropolitan areas, are sufficiently commanded by English in the subcontinent. 10-20 percent of the Indian population is considered to be classed as middle class. It may thus be estimated that there are 100-200 million proficient English speakers in India. The overall number of English speakers may reach between 300 and 400 million, including the number of poor English speakers that can communicate via English. If we add the number of English speakers on the subcontinent, the overall number of English speakers must be much more than that. It's a figure that can't be ignored. We explain Indian English in this article and explore the usage of English on the Indian subcontinent. First, we want to take some common instances of Indian English pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Later on, we would want to look at the potential for worldwide communication of non-native English, especially in Asia.

History of Indian English
Ambassador of ALFRED the Great may have been the first English speaker to visit India. According to the Anglo Chronicle, in 884, Alfred sends an embassy to India with presents for St Thomas's grave. His name occurs as Swithelm in one document, and Sigellinus in another. There was little or no interaction until 16c when European trade and colonial expansion started. The East Indian Company was founded by English merchants in 1600, and James VI sent an acknowledgment to emperor Jehangir in 1614 to Sir Thomas Roe as envoy to the Mughal court.

The company began its usage of English from trade "fabrics": Surat (1612), Madras (1639–40), Mumbai (1674), Calcutta (1690). At that time, the European merchants employed a PORTUGUESE form, now available since Portugal conquered Goa in 1510. Missionaries were crucial in the 18c English spread: at Márrques (1715), Bombay (1719), and Calcutta (1720-31) institutions such as St Mary's Charity Schools were established. By the 1830s, a prominent group of Indians had a strong feeling of Western thinking and culture and wanted to promote English as a way for Indians to acquire insights into such things. The Anglicans backed the transplant idea in a lengthy official debate over the medium of instruction for Indians, while the Orientalists supported the nativist view.

In 1857, in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, the first three Western-style universities were founded. By the end of 19c Allahabad and Punjab (last currently in Lahore, Pakistan) were added. By 1928, English was recognized as the language of the elite and its spread expanded following independence in 1947. 

Following independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the new Dominion of India and subsequently the Republic of India continued to speak English. The Indian Constitution states that English shall be the language of India's supreme court and all of India's high courts. However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used by special presidential permission in courts in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. By 2018, the Punjab and Haryana high courts were waiting for the presidential consent to use Hindi alongside the English language.

Hindi and English Combination:
The word Hinglish is a combination of the English and Hindi languages. This usually refers to the usage of Hindi and English in macaronic hybrids. It is frequently the increasingly favored language of the urban and semi-urban Indian youth and also of the Indian diaspora abroad. In addition, the Hindi film industry, more commonly known as Bollywood, contains significant quantities of Hinglish.

South Indians Languages and English language Combination:
In South India, there are other macaronic hybrids, such as Manglish (Malayalam and English), Kanglish (Kannada and English), Tenglish (Telugu and English), and Tangling or Tamglish (Tamil and English).

Importance of  English in India 
Every day, English is growing popular. In Indian society, there is a passion for English. One cannot conceive of development without English literacy in this age of digital technology. There is an awakening to the study of English in society. Our administration has also become aware of the significance of English in the school curriculum. English was introduced from the beginning in the syllabi. More and more institutes for English teaching and learning have been established. Even in underdeveloped areas of the nation, English medium schools are prospering. They took advantage of this increasing popularity of English. They make excellent money. They make good money. Even a low-income family is now trying to educate their children in a medium English school. We cannot imagine prosperity at the expense of English being ignored. English learning is the key to success. English is also the medium of teaching at a higher level. English is the research and technology medium. All studies and research are conducted in English.

Conclusion 
Unquestionably, in the 21st century, English became a truly Indian language. Military, aircraft, airlines, research and technology, higher education institutions, or international affairs, English is the language of learning and teaching. English is utilized more than any other language in many areas. English is essential in India since most books are printed in English.

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Tuesday, 3 August 2021

Pakistani English l History of English in Pakistan l Differences Between Western English and Pakistani English l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

The British conquered Pakistan and the neighboring nations, including India, circa 1600 AD when English was first brought to Pakistan. Although the British introduced the language to Pakistan, they did not remain there for linguistic development. That a result, language did not develop in Pakistan in the same manner as it did in England.

Over time the English spoken in Pakistan became to be more similar to the English spoken in India than the English spoken in the West. There are thus many distinctions between the two "languages" to be remembered by foreign exchange students when they write or talk in English while they are away from home.

Differences in English between "Western" and Pakistani English
Between Western English and Pakistani English, there are many distinctions. These distinctions may be seen in both the language and speech used in writing and speaking.

Below are some of the major distinctions to be considered while writing English papers.
Hybrid Words Avoid
In Pakistan, there are many individuals who know how to talk and write in English, but most of them do not know how to speak or write in Urdu in Western English. Because of this, it is recommended to avoid utilizing Urdu terms in your writing, since others who read your work will often not understand them.

One frequent thing in Pakistan is to combine Urdu and English to create new terms. Once again, because the majority of English speakers can't speak Urdu, this "hybrid" term must be avoided. If pupils are unsure whether or not a term is hybrid, best avoid using that word and substitute a word, which they know is completely English.

Word Meaning Differences
Sometimes Pakistani English and British English have the same terms, but they imply different things. When terms like these are called, they are termed "semantic." Some of these instances are mentioned below.

Scene: 
This may relate to a scenario in Pakistani English. This may refer to a number of distinct things in British English. Dictionary.com provides just the term 'scene' to three major meanings! "The location where an activity or event takes place," "any perspective or image" and "an occurrence or reality in life."

Timing: 
Timing refers to a certain timetable in Pakistani English. In British English, however, a timing typically refers either to a person monitoring how long a job takes or to something.

Uncle: 
Finally, an Uncle may refer to any revered elder guy in Pakistani English. In British English, however, uncles are exclusively a familial relationship. Uncles are only the brother of a parent or the spouse of their parent's sister.
These are only a few instances of some of the terms depending on culture with various meanings. Whether a student doesn't know if a term means the same in both English, then a dictionary should be consulted just in order to make sure that the word says what it implies.

American vs. British English Spelling
Many students who study abroad return home. While most Americans speak and write in English, they use American English. Pakistan uses British English spellings. Every other English-speaking nation uses British English, thus Pakistani pupils will seldom need to alter their spelling. If kids end up going to school in America, they should bear in mind a few important variations in spelling while writing papers.

The U is frequently dropped from terms like “colour”. Instead, it'd be "colour." This is true of nearly all nouns ending with “ou”.

In American English, S may be substituted with Z. An S typically precedes an E at the conclusion of a word. A good example is the term “organise.” It is spelt “organise” in American English.

S are sometimes substituted with C.
For example, in British English, “licence” is written “licence”. Notably, the S to C shift occurs before an E at the conclusion of the word, similar to the S to Z change.

Many spelling changes may appear random, yet they are critical to avoid losing points on an assignment.

However, students who want to study abroad should not be intimidated by the differences. After all, the two “languages” have more parallels than differences. No matter where they study, students will perform well on their writing tasks if they bear in mind the minor distinctions. However, many ESL students use essay writing services like Custom Writings, which employ experienced writers to create custom essays.

Pakistan and Languages 

The northwest of the Indian Subcontinent resides in Pakistan. The international agencies mention 69 languages. However, there are not more than 15 main languages. One of these languages is English.

According to the UN, the following are the number of Urdu and English speakers: 104,000,000 Urdu Speakers (1990) 148,166,000 English Speakers (UN: 1998). English is utilized in a trilingual environment in Pakistan, where we see it living along with the very changeable regional language of the region. English Evolves The conclusion of the evolutionary process of more than a thousand years is English as we know it today. English is the language that has the world's undivided position. Its language has traveled a long way to this peak or summit. The voyage began with the arrival in the regions now known as Wales, Scotland, and Ireland of the Angels, the Saxons, and the Jutes. The Angels came from England and their language was called Englisc, whence derives the terms English and English. In approximately the sixteenth century, English that went through the stages of Old and Middle English acquired the shape of Modern English. With the colonial control of England, this language has gone to the regions currently included in Pakistan in the subcontinent. We could argue that English was transplanted under colonial control in Pakistan, like other African and Asian nations. English and Pakistan As the foreign rulers' language it was not embraced by the people, but Pakistan's ruling elite was strongly inclined to that language from the very beginning. Second, most of Pakistan's regions were not directly under the control of the British, such as Baluchistan, a significant portion of NWFP presently including Khyber Pakhtoonkha and the Sind's interior. English thus remained isolated from the culture of ordinary people in these regions. It is the consequence of this English behavior that the Pakistani dialect is seen as different from other English dialects worldwide. After Pakistan was established in 1947, English became Pakistan's de facto official language and English was codified in the 1973 Constitution. At the time of independence, the bureaucratic form of administration acquired from the British could not have been used in indigenous languages. The usage of English for 'system maintenance' persisted.

Status of English and Role in Pakistan  
English has superior status and role in Pakistan English not only as an official language but also as an essential means of education in schools, schools, and universities, particularly at the professional education level. English has a higher standing in Pakistan. Moreover, in all socioeconomic strata, virtually all conversations in any language have an important English component in all sectors of contemporary society. Pakistani English as well as the English of other countries are strongly affected by Pakistan's regional languages. Many Urdu phrases or expressions like 'cummerbund' have entered the international language and are present in Pakistan as well. Moreover, in Pakistan today the biggest guards of the British Indian Army (such as Rawalpindi and Peshawar) are located, coupled with Pakistan's post-partition impact, ensuring that numerous military phrases are part of the local vernacular. British English is the kind taught (and desired). The strong impact and penetration of American culture via the TV, movies, and other media, in particular computers, has given considerable insight into American English, which is making it complete in the British style of Pakistani English. The interaction between Urdu and English began with word borrowing. This borrowing was reciprocal. Because of this bilingualism, English was borrowed in local languages, in particular Urdu, to a greater degree than word borrowing. However, there was little social contact between the two groups. This contact occurred between those who controlled the nation and the people who worked with it. Therefore, English was widely utilized by the Indians for written reasons. The British led to a separation among the Indian people by establishing two education systems, one by means of English, and the other by means of Urdu. This was just English for the wealthy. At the time of independence, English education was intimately involved in a series of economic, political, and social issues. After independence, the effort to rectify the mistakes was enormous and drastic reforms were necessary. Unfortunately, there was no such reform. Functions of English in Pakistan English functions in Pakistan may be characterized as four: Regulatory (Education) Instrumental (Inter-personal) Creative (Personal) (Literature).

Conclusion 
English is the burden of many Pakistani students' life. But in Pakistan, it is the passport for progress, it is the official language and due to the effects of tourism, it becomes increasingly more important. But the overwhelming majority of Pakistani students are fighting with it. That's not their mother language. It does not help that several of them do not begin to study until they have finished elementary school. Pakistan has madrassas, medium Urdu schools, medium English and more costly schools.

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Monday, 2 August 2021

English in South East Asia in World Englishes l English in Asia l The coming of the English in South East Asia l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

Definition:
Southeast Asian English is the English being spoken in Southeast Asia, specifically Singapore English (which is similar to British English), Malaysian English (which is also similar to British English), Brunei English (which again is similar to British English), Philippine English (which is common in American English), Thai English, and possibly Hong Kong English. Southeast Asian English is a dialect of the English language spoken in Southeast Asia.
English in South-Eastern Asia is divided into two main types: Second-language forms in colonies, or English-speaking former colonies (Britain in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore; Philippines; US); and foreign-language versions in Cambodia/Kampuchea, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

In the first group, schools on English-Medium not only taught English but also studied other topics; English in the playground was intended and fines for using anything other were frequently imposed. The Penang Free School was founded in 1816 and the Singapore Free School started in 1823. The route to better-paid work and in certain instances to further study leading to professions was English-medium schooling. As a result, English became an elite prestigious language. The more English is expanded and the more functions it may be utilized, the more local it is. This is most obvious in Singapore, where English is the exclusive medium of instruction since 1987, and there are now Singapore English speakers.

In official circumstances the language of Singaporean-educated individuals is distinguished mostly by Dialect but, in more casual cases, there is a creative use of terms such as Chinese and Malay loans and English-language changes. The grammatical structure reflects the impact of local languages, particularly Chinese variants. A comparable kind of English has evolved in Malaysia. In colonial times, the majority of pupils in English-mediate schools were Chinese, but Malay has grown since independence in the 1950s and has become by far the primary and the sole medium in secondary schools. English is still an essential topic of obligation, although its roles have decreased considerably. Brunei has a bi-lingual Malaysian and English education policy; former elementary school classes starting with Malaysia alone, then an increased usage of English up to 80% of class time is used in secondary school English.

In 1901 following the arrival in the Philippines of approximately 540 American instructors, English-Medium Education was launched shortly after the US defeat of the previous colonial authority, Spain. English was developed into the language of instruction and became indigenous to the broader language, including local-language vocabulary, adapting English to local requirements and modifying pronunciation and grammar to create a unique PHILIPPINE ENGLISH. English was used for media and literary reasons for newspapers and periodicals. The national language, Tagalog (later known as Pilipino), became an official language after independence in 1946, in conjunction with English and Spanish. The importance of English was decreased with growing nationalism, and in 1974 a bilingual education strategy was established, with English as a primary, but secondary, scientific and mathematics language. It remains the primary medium of teaching at tertiary institutions. English is of significant value as an Asian and worldwide lingua franca in foreign-language nations, in tourism, as the language of reading for technical topics and a symbol of modernity.

Conclusion:
The expansion of English in Southeast Asian nations, namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, was mostly due to the factors of globalization, such as tourism, international commerce, and international educational migration.

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British and American English in World Englishes l Differences between British and American English l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

When the British reached these areas at sea during the 16th and 17th centuries, they really brought the language to America. Spelling had not yet been fixed at that time. It required the earliest dictionaries to describe how these terms arose. In the UK, the dictionary was produced by academics from London. The lexicographer was, meantime, a guy called Noah Webster in the United States. He allegedly altered how the phrases were written to distinguish the American version from the British as a means of displaying the cultural independence of his home country.

In terms of speech, there were real distinctions between American and British English when the first immigrants arrived in America. These tribes talked with rhotic talk, where the 'r' sounds of the words are pronounced. In the meanwhile, the upper classes in the UK sought to differentiate the way they spoke from the ordinary masses, softening their 'r' sound pronunciation. Since the wealthy were even then regarded to be trendy, others started to imitate their language until it was ultimately the common manner of speaking in southern England.


Differences in spelling
There are several spelling changes between British and American English. The common ones are shown in the following.
British words are spelled as “favorite” and “color” in American English these words are spelled as “favourite “ and ''colour”.

Differences in vocabulary
The Americans and the British also have terms that vary. The following includes several common items with multiple names, depending on the English version you choose.
British words trousers, flat, biscuit known in American Language pants, apartment and cookie.

Differences in grammar
Apart from orthographic and vocabulary, several grammatical distinctions exist between British and American English. For example, collective nouns are considered singular in American English (e.g. The band is playing). Collective names, however, may either be single or plural in British English, but the plural form is frequently employed (e.g. The band are playing).

The English will also employ more formal speeches, such as 'shall,' whereas Americans choose 'will' or 'should' more informally.

Americans continue, however, to use 'gotten' as the past part of 'get,' a component the British have long ago abandoned to 'got.'

'Needn't,' frequently used in British English, is uncommon when used in American English at all. Instead, it's 'not needed.

Conclusion:
English is the second-most commonly spoken native tongue worldwide and an official language in 53 nations. It originally originated in Britain—or, more specifically, in the British Isles—but the bulk of its speakers reside in the United States. English is the primary language for worldwide communication and the most popular language among foreign-language learners. Like every language, English has numerous variations. The best-known variants are British and American English.

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Saturday, 31 July 2021

Some Features of New Englishes l Structural Features of New Englishes l Features of New English l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

The phrase "New English" refers to regional and national English types used in areas where the majority of the population is not the mother language. This statement is also known as new English. forms, non-native English types, and non-native organized English variants. New English has specific formal characteristics — lexical, phonological, and grammatical — different from English and American. Nigerian English, Singapore English, and Indian English are examples of New English.
 
Braj B. Kachru says;
When we talk about "New Englishes," we're referring to regional and national variations of the English language that are spoken in areas where English is not the first language of the majority of the people. It is also referred to as new varieties of English, non-native varieties of English, and non-native institutionalized variants of English.

Examples and Observations
Most New English changes are in the form of vocabulary in new words (borrowings—from several hundred language sources, in places such as Nigeria), word-information, word-meaning, idioms, and idiomatic phrases. Many cultural fields may inspire new terms, as speakers modify the language to suit new communication requirements.

A pioneer in the study of New English without a doubt, Braj B. Kachru started a tradition of documenting non-native English variations with his 1983 book The Indianization of English. In South Asian English, the institutionalized second language version remains well-documented. However, the instances of Africa and South-East Asia are already reasonably thoroughly characterized."

Old English, New English, and Foreign language English
We may see the distribution of English as a foreign language in terms of 'old English,' 'new English' and English, which reflect the kinds of spread, acquiring patterns, and the functional areas in which English is used across cultures and languages. 
For example, the 'ancient' variations of English may historically be characterized as British, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, etc. On the other hand, the 'new English' has two main characteristics, because English is just one of two or more codes in the linguistic repertory and has become an important language of those multilingual countries. The 'new English' have also expanded their range of functions functionally into a wide range of social, educational, administrative, and literary fields. In addition, consumers at various levels of society have gained tremendous depth. India, Nigeria, and Singapore are examples of 'new English' nations. The third variation, English as a foreign language, has frequently been defined by the fact that, unlike the nations where we find 'new Englishes,' these countries do not necessarily have a history of users of the 'old English' colonization, but utilize English as the international language needed. This group would include Japan, Russia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, etc."

Features of New English
New English is a common phrase used by Platt, Weber, and Ho (1984) to describe an English type with the following characteristics:
  • Through the school system, it has evolved.
  • It has evolved in a region in which the majority of the people did not speak an indigenous English language. It is used for a variety of purposes between people who speak/write it in the area it is utilized. It is 'localized' or 'born' by acquiring certain linguistic characteristics.
  • It has evolved not as a first language in the family, but via an educational system (perhaps even as a medium for a particular degree of schooling).
  • It has evolved in a region where the majority of the people have not spoken native English.
  • It is used for a number of purposes government communications, letter-writing, literature, as a lingua franca within a country, and informal settings
  • By establishing a sub-set of norms that distinguish it from American or British English, it has been nativized.
Conclusion:
A worldwide language, English is spoken by many people throughout the world. It serves as a communication tool to bring attention to the championing of human rights among the general public. English will continue to be the dominant language in the world and will be present among all international languages for some time.

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Friday, 30 July 2021

The Three Circles of English In World Englishes l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

The Three-Circle World English model was created in 1985 by Kachru and remains one of the most prominent methods in the world for categorizing English variations. In terms of three focal circles, Kachru (1985) characterized English's spread: the inner circle, the outer circle, and the expanding circle. These circles indicate "the kind of distribution, learning trends and functional areas where English is utilized in cultures and languages. Though Kachru's three-circle of English is still a significant step towards the division of English, many writers, including Kachru himself, have highlighted disadvantages and variants. This article will present and analyze Kachru's Three-Circle Model. Throughout the history of English experts, various models have been developed to attempt to categorize their speakers. But before we begin to describe the concept, we have to be aware that it is a three-group model. 

ENL: The language English as a mother tongue is an English-speaking mother tongue, which is born in an English-speaking nation.

ESL: The second language English is the non-native speakers who learned the English language nearly simultaneously with their mother tongue.

EFL: The non-native speakers of English as a foreign language who study English in a place where English isn't commonly spoken.

Three-Circle Model of the Kachru :

Inner Circle
In the three-circle model of the Kachru, The Kachru model refers to the traditional foundation of English, dominated by variations of the mother-tongue, where English is the first language. The nations participating in the inner circle are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The English types used are considered to be 'standard supply.

The Outer Circle 
The Outer Circle comprises the early stages of English spreading in non-native contexts when language has been included in the main institutions of a nation and plays a significant role in a communicative way in the second language. The majority of Outer Circle nations are former UK or USA colonies such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Ghana, Kenya, and others. The English in the outer-circle is regarded as 'standard development.

Expanding Circle 
The Expanding Circle refers to the areas in which English is studied as a foreign language. The regions have no history of colonization and institutional or social function by members of the inner circle. English is the most suitable vehicle of worldwide communication as a 'foreign language. The Expanding Circle nations include China, Japan, Greece and Poland. The English used in the Expanding Circle is considered 'standard-dependent.

Finally, the Expanding Circle comprises nations that teach English as a foreign language in order to communicate with the Inner and Outer Circles in English. Among them are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Japan, China, and Korea. Many language scholars, including Modiano (1999), Bruthiaux (2003), Mollin (2006), and Berns (1995), have attacked Kachru's approach for its simplicity and ambiguous membership to the circles. Graddol (1997), for example, views the Inner Circle nations as the ideal site for the accuracy of the language and English language instructors, but he also emphasizes the advantages of NS countries as suppliers of English language products and services. Similarly, Modiano (1999) believes that tying language ownership to Inner Circle nations is a misapplication of the concept and a kind of linguistic imperialism that Kachru sought to avoid. It re-establishes the idea that language belongs to particular communities, and that specialists who speak a prestige variation decide acceptable usage. Mollin (2006) believes Kachru's three concentric rings categorize English throughout the globe but fail to show the development of English as a Lingua Franca among speakers of the Outer and Expanding Circles. 

The Expanding Circle refers to the areas where English is taught as a foreign language. English is not just learned in the growing circle, or even primarily, to allow contact between the Inner and Outer Circles. English's global significance is growing, particularly in the Expanding Circle. As a consequence, studying English is no longer considered learning a foreign language. Graddol (2006) asserts that understanding English has become a worldwide talent. Nunan agrees with Graddol that understanding English is better than “learning English” for EFL or ESL.

By definition, the Outer and Inner Circles cannot merge. But it's not always clear who speaks English as their first language and who speaks it as a second. Language loss, diverse views, and huge changes in use have made it impossible to answer the question "What is your first language?" in many nations. Crystal (1995) 363 So, besides the Outer and Expanding Circles, separating Inner and Outer Circles may be difficult.

Although the Three-circle Model does not put English native speakers at the top, it favors them in the inner circle. According to Burt (2005), the Inner Circle obviously dominates the hierarchy. English as a second language suggests it as a first language. It seems to be a natural speaker's first language. “It is virtually inevitable that anybody would consider ‘second' as less worthy,” said Kachru proposes merging the ENL and ESL circles into a single ENL circle with two sets of varieties: genetic and functional ENL.

Conclusion:
To summarise, the Kachru Three-Circle model is not realistic. The concept is simplistic, and the three circles are not clearly classified. In reality, the three types overlap, and there are grey regions. English's fast development has improved its position in the Expanding Circle. English is not only taught but also extensively utilized. It's hard to tell the Outer Circle from the Expanding Circle. The Three-circle Model should be made more dynamic to reflect real English use. To classify English speakers, the updated model may classify them by their English competence in worldwide and regional variations. To keep up with the fast expansion of English, further study on World Englishes is needed.

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English in the World -Its Spread, Functions and Status l Status of English Language l Functions of English Language l English as a Global language l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

Language is a key communication tool. It is not just a method of sharing ideas and views but also of building friendships, business connections, and cultural links. We can only communicate without words through signs. More than a language, distinctions are distinguished, and also the distinctive culture of a nation or area or a group is celebrated. A language affects people's understanding of the world and serves to define any society's culture. Any language is a gift that makes a guy more efficient and skilled in many ways by knowing more than one language. It exposes our thoughts to a wonderful realm of delights and fantasies. To ensure appropriate language acquisition allows us to develop our brains, as well as our personalities. Human language is unusual because it is a symbolic method of communication that some individuals learn instead of naturally.

English in the World:
English is the most commonly used by far. As a mother tongue, it barely ranks second in China, which is really six dialects that are not widely understood. On the other hand, on every continent, there are 300 million Native English speakers and an equally widely dispersed group of second-language speakers who utilize English for their everyday needs totaling more than 250 million.

There is at least one newspaper in English even in many nations where English is a minority language. There are 3,000 periodicals produced in English in India alone. TV news is aired in English in numerous nations. Due to the power of television, protesters utilize English-printed placards to the advantage of the international press in every country.

English is a significant worldwide commercial, diplomatic, scientific, and professional language. It is the terminology that is likely to be used by an Iranian businessman and a Japanese business guy. Important goods are exchanged in English, such as silver, tin, and hard money. English is the official language of many international organizations, including the UN and numerous professional organizations. English is also the official language. It is often the part of communication in conferences and international sports. Many professional papers are published in English worldwide. Even articles published in other languages frequently include English abstracts.

Functions of Language:
Functions are the actions that objects of language take when they are used in a real-world setting. Language plays a very essential part in the lives of humans. It is a phenomenon that occurs in social situations. One of the primary objectives of language is to enable individuals to communicate with one another and to be understood by them.

Following are given three essential Functions of Language: 

1. Informative function:
The main purpose of a language is to facilitate the transmission of any information. This function accepts or rejects assumptions, such as scientific facts or factual assertions, depending on their validity. This function assists us in stating the logical facts in a clear and concise manner.

2. Expressive Function:
The secondary purpose of a language is to communicate the sentiments, emotions, or attitudes of someone else. Language has several functions. We have poetry and other kinds of literature to help us communicate our inner emotions in a more effective and creative manner. They both elicit and convey our emotional responses to certain situations.

3. Directive Function:
This function of language leads us to do a certain task. In both requests and instructions, we come across the directive function.

Status of English Language:
The English language in Pakistan is in a delicate situation. Different roles are performed by the English language in Pakistan. English is the language of politics. In Pakistani schools and universities, it is the primary language of teaching. Because all scientific ideas are written in English, it serves as a source of education for the general public. The language of the press and the media in English. It is often referred to as the "universal language. This implies that if someone does not have a good command of the English language, he will have a difficult time achieving a high social position. The majority of individuals in Pakistan speak English only for the purpose of communication. They are unable to communicate in the normal form of English. There are certain individuals who have been assigned the responsibility of using the standard form of English. Some individuals claim that English is not their mother tongue, despite the fact that they are able to comprehend and speak the language. Other individuals in Pakistan, such as language instructors, policymakers, broadcasters, and other institutions, make an effort to adhere to the standard form of the language, but when some people just wing it, communication is negatively impacted.

Conclusion:
It has been shown by native and non-native speakers all around the globe that English is a highly efficient language to communicate with one another.When it comes to globalizing the English language, there are more benefits than drawbacks. The demand for English will increase in the future as a greater number of individuals learn the language, and the country barrier will be reduced as a result of this.

BS English Semester 5 
Subject: World Englishes Course Outlines Punjab University
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Language Variations and Discourse ; Language Variety and Culture Language l Language Change Types l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

Language Variations and Discourse 
Language is characterized by variation, which means that there are many ways to say the same idea in different ways. Speakers may change their pronunciation, word choice, as well as the morphology and syntax of their sentences. On the other hand, Discourse analyse the language in language variations.

Language Families
The other German languages include Dutch, German, Icelandic, Swedish, and more. Everyone originated from the same language, called the proto-Germanic language of linguists. Proto-Germanic was never recorded but the many systematic correspondences in terms of the grammar structures and the existence and structure of its descendants are sure.

The breakup of the Proto-Germanic occurred when subgroups of the original linguistic community were separated: over 500 to 1000 years, several dialects were formed. This was also true with Latin when it was spread by the Romans across much of Europe and divided into dialects that formed modern Roman, including French, Spanish and Italian. Latin and Proto-German were also connected. Her parent and ancestor of many other European languages, India, was Proto-Indo-European, a relative of one of the largest language groupings in the world.

There are dozens or possibly hundreds of distinct language families across the world, from big families like Niger in Congo in Africa and Indo-European households to single speakers like Basque who have no familiar linguistic relationships. Linguists continue to strive to connect many of these families, but the chances are small to decrease to a handful the number of different language families. Although most historical linguists believe that human language may have only happened once, most of them argue that language change is too quick and wide to enable family ties beyond the age of ten thousand.

Variation of language
Everyone speaks at least one language, and most individuals probably speak more than one language on the globe. Even Americans, most of whom speak English exclusively, typically know many dialects. Certainly, no one always speaks precisely the same way: you're not likely to talk to your boss in the manner (or language) you'd use to talk to an idiot who's just pulling your vehicle from behind. Alle dialects start with the same system and leave various portions of the parent system intact due to their partially separate history. This gives birth to some of the most enduring linguistic myths, such as the idea that the Appalachians speak pure English, Elizabethan. Non-Appalachians detect Shakespeare's English characteristics preserved in Appalachia but lost in standard English, while only Shakespeare's Appalachian fan may note the features of Shakespeare's English maintained in Standard English but lost in the Appalachian dialect.
Note: American Appalachian English is native to the Eastern Appalachian mountain area.

Language change 
Language change is the process by which constant change in the characteristics and the usage of a language is produced through time. All-natural languages change and grammatical developments impact all linguistic fields. Specific types of language change include changes in sound, lexical, semantic, and syntactic. Historical language is the branch of language, which is specifically concerned with changes in a language (or languages) through time (also known as diachronic linguistics).

Language Change Types 
There are different language kinds Language Files explain in some depth about which they are essential to know. These include:
  • Phonetic change
  • Phonological Change
  • Morphological changes
  • Syntactic changes
  • Semantic changes
Phonetic Change:
Phonetics is a language industry that examines how people generate and hear sounds. The phonetic change includes a change in sound pronunciation that has no impact on the phonological language system. The English phoneme /r/, for example, has experienced numerous modifications. The unrestrained allophone of the phoneme /r/ was sounded as a trill in the early history of English. Nowadays, the unrestricted allophone is [do] spoken in American English. But the underlying phoneme in the language sound system is still /r/. Therefore, the phonetic pronunciation of the sound has simply changed.
 
Phonological Change:
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in and across languages.
Phonology Change includes a change in sound pronunciation that has an impact on a language's phonological system. An example would be the shift in phoneme pronunciation /u:/ in ancient English to /a current / in Modern French.

Morphological Change
Morphology is the study of words, how they are created in languages While morphological change refers to changes in word structure. Since morphology is linked to phonology, syntax and semanticization, changes impacting the structure and characteristics of words should be seen as modifications at the corresponding grammar interfaces.

Syntactic Change
Syntactic change is a kind of variation of natural language that relates to changes in a language's grammar. This shift may be induced or aided both by socio-cultural and linguistic variables.

Semantic Change 
Semantic change is a way of changing the language of word use—usually to the point where the current meaning is significantly different from the original use. Semantic change takes place in one of the meanings of a word in diachronic linguistics.

Language Variety and Culture 
In linguistics, language varieties are subgroups of a language that differ from one another in terms of pronunciation, lexical choice, syntax, accent, and other characteristics.Idiolects, dialects, registers, styles, and modes are all examples of language differences.
The language used differs from culture to culture. There are dialects even within a single language, as well. Values, customs, beliefs, social life, as well as flora and fauna, are all part of the culture. In fact, each tribe has its own culture, with one being more materialistic and another depending solely on hunting. Man is a cultural construct, and the majority of his actions, beliefs, and goals are determined by his social environment. Language is a reflection of one's social and cultural background.
Language Varieties (in this case, English Varieties) are the outcome of language contact rather than being a product of colonial or postcolonial forces. However, after the fall of the British Empire in the majority of its possessions, the majority of English types were granted the opportunity to fly. To put it another way, a language always has a diverse range of connections.

Cultural Variations
Since language is a tool for its speakers, how the culture functions are mirrored in the language. Politics, technology, and societal values all impact how language is used. An example of this may be seen in the rule for French speakers that demands different variants of the same term depending on gender. For instance, a male could be classed as 'Américan,' whereas a woman is 'Américaine,' with the 'ine' adding extra tone to the word. This shows that differentiating between the genders was something the French society thought extremely important when their language was developing.

When trying to understand how culture affects variations in language, there are many key ideas you need to know. First, standard language refers to the variant of language that is widespread and generally considered the most suitable form. For English, this variant would remove urban slang and bad grammatical usage. Second, dialect refers to a variant of language that has unique pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary from other variations of the same language. For instance, in England, speakers have a different dialect than American speakers because they have some of their own standards for pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

Conclusion:
To summarise, it is recommended that while translating a text, one should take into consideration the number of languages used as well as the indicated culture. As a result, language and cultural analogies are sought and used in order to best fit the intended audience or reader (or both). This means that you must look for similarities between, for example, Bombay-based literature and the film being translated/adapted in Italy in order to establish a connection between the two.

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English as a Global Language: An Overview l English As An International Language l English as an international language Summary l Importance of English as an international language l BS English Subject World Englishes Semester 5 Punjab University

A global language is a globally spoken language, which many people study as a second language, English is the most common. A broad variety of vocabulary units were adopted from German, Latin, French, and other European nations in the English language. The French language as the primary source for a significant part of the word borrowing justifies the love for foreign terms and mixed vocabulary. Languages are strongly linked to cultural power and domination. The primary reason why languages exist is because of a strong political, military, or economic power basis.

Role of Linguistics
Linguists think that the main reason for English simplicity is a worldwide change. Nothing is frequently considered easy. It relies mainly on who the student is. Ellis believed that the learner and not the language were the basis of success. Motivation, age, competence, learning ability, and personality affect a person's ability to learn a foreign language. You may notice that some languages appear tougher than others when you learn another language. Some languages have almost the same patterns or similar sounds that make remembering and learning simpler. For instance, Greek includes many similar words in Italian. However, some languages are harshly pronounced or orthodox and don't seem like other languages, such as German.

English Comparison With Other Languages
English is a very successful language that has been shown by numerous native and non-native speakers globally. "Statistics show that roughly a quarter of the population of the globe in English is already fluent or competent.  For example, the Chinese have more mother tongues, but in terms of grammar, verb, meaning, etc and the language is more complicated. However, some linguists disagree on how the weather of a language depends on how many people speak that language globally. "The reason a language becomes a global language has nothing to do with the number of talkers. English may also help you communicate various meanings. Because English not only includes many different words, but also different syntaxes that enable speakers to be more accurate and if required to put more emphasis on a particular subject. Another notable feature is that writing English is simple. In their alphabets, there are other languages that include hundreds of letters, which have a separate meaning, such as Chinese, if stated differently. The Roman alphabet is considered very basic and definitely a lot simpler to master than the Chinese writing system. In addition, the Roman alphabet is largely phonetic rather than character-based in English, thus the true sound of words or phrases may be conveyed.

Role of Native Speakers 
On the other hand, there are certain negative qualities of English. For example, words may be written and read in one way, and many people might be confused especially if the first language is not English. The issue is obvious when you travel throughout England; there are unique types of pronunciation that make it difficult for anybody who speaks English as a second language to comprehend people from other locations, including Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Non-native speakers like Indians and Pakistan also get a clear focus.

English as Universal Language
Because English is so widely spoken, many believe that acquiring English as a second language is important. People seem to have selected properly since it is spoken in a wide area of geography. Many people believe English is the language of business. It is true that English has been adopted in the corporate sector for many years. English is also a language used in films, music, television and many other technical aspects like the World Wide Web (internet). Hollywood films are watched by a significant percentage of the world's population. This growth also resulted in increased popularity in English. English also offered a common means of communication amongst people of different backgrounds. If both individuals speak English, for example, a German may not have to learn Indian to talk to someone from India. English thus helps to eliminate some cultural barriers between nations. There are, however, cultural differences across countries and nations. The history of a country may influence its willingness to learn or speak a language different than its own.

Domination of English 
The meaning of the word superior is very strong and dominating. We can never assume that English is superior to other languages, it is easy to communicate, but it is important for every nation to consider its own language. A language has several components, including grammar, vocabulary and standards of usage. It is thus not simply to claim that English is better than other languages. This is analysed by a myth of language. It shows why it is not true that certain languages are better to others and it has no linguistic basis. Linguists believe that some languages are more useful than others at a particular period of history.

Importance of English as an international language 

The USA is the dominant country in the United States and the United States is the world leader in commerce, sport, science, technology, and entertainment. Here, English is the dominant language, and that, as a worldwide language, is the primary reason. Considered in the UN and the EU-English is favored by international organizations, such as the UN and throughout Europe. In European nations, English may not be the official language but is generally recognized as a language.In academia, science and technology, business, movies and music, news dissemination, literature, and others, the defaulted language English is regarded worldwide as the default language. International brand acceptability, every discovery, and innovation is essential for nations such as Canada, the U.S., Australia, and the United Kingdom. These nations are dominant in English, and all marketing takes place in English. This leads to the obligatory use of English communication for expanding businesses.
The Internet is English-based and virtually English is the material on the web. The internet contains information that is ideally in English and is essential to use English. Therefore, to utilize the Internet, English must be known at the fundamental level.

Conclusion
In summary, English is easier to learn than other languages, such as Chinese, although the degree of difficulty varies with the learner. In addition, English may truly be termed a global language, but it cannot be considered superior to other languages. Each language has its own specific characteristics and phrases. English has simply become an easy way of communicating between nations.

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